AP World History Key Terms
1	1. prehistory vs. history	Prehistory – no written documents; History: written proof of history
2	2. features of civilization	Social etiquette, religion, education, literature
3	3. stages of hominid development	Austrolopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens
4	4. “Out of Africa” thesis vs. multiregional thesis	Humans originated from Africa and proliferated vs. originated from Africa but multiple geographical locations first 100 million years
5	5. Paleolithic Era	Old Stone Age
6	6. Neolithic Era	New Stone Age
7	7. family units, clans, tribes	A group of people sharing common ancestry
8	8. foraging societies	Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal
9	9. nomadic hunters/gatherers	Move place to place according to environment; adapts to environment
10	10.  Ice Age	Period of time where Earth was covered partly in ice
11	11. civilization	Changes when agriculture started
12	12. Neolithic Revolution	Farming uses; start of agriculture
13	13. Domestication of plants and animals	Farming system where animals are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures
14	14. nomadic pastoralism	Slash-and-burn; once land is depleted, moved on to let soil recover
15	15. migratory farmers	Farmers that migrate instead of settling after using up the land.
16	16. partrilineal/patrilocal	Live with husband’s family. Traced through father’s lineage
17	17. irrigation systems	replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops
18	18. metalworking	craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. It requires skill and the use of many different types of tools
19	19. ethnocentrism	to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture
20	20. foraging	Looking for food
21	21. sedentary agriculture	Domestication of plants and animals
22	22. shifting cultivation	process by which people take an area of land to use for agriculture, only to abandon it a short time later
23	23. slash-and-burn agriculture	Trees cut down, plots made for agriculture
24	24. matrilineal	System in which one belongs to mother’s lineage
25	25. cultural diffusion	spread of ideas and material culture, especially if these occur independently of population movement
26	26. independent invention	Creative innovations of new solutions to old and new problems
27	27. specialization of labor	specialisation of co-operative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output.
28	28. gender division of labor	Labor divided between man and woman, hunting and gathering etc.
29	29. metallurgy and metalworking	the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements and their mixtures, which are called alloys. craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures
30	30. Fertile Crescent	a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey.
31	31. Gilgamesh	Gilgamesh became a legendary protagonist in the Epic of Gilgamesh.
32	32. Hammurabi’s Law Code	First set of defined laws within a civilization.
33	33. Egypt	the civilization of the Lower Nile Valley, between the First Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 BC until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire.
34	34. Egyptian Book of the Dead	common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts. Constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. They were intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld. Knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death.
35	35. pyramids	tombs for egyptian kings.
36	36. hieroglyphics	system of writing used by the Ancient Egyptians, using a combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements.
37	37. Indus valley civilization	an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa
38	38. early China	Xia, Shang, Zhou, Warring States Period, Qin, Han
39	39. the Celts	group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia. Went to war with Romans.
40	40. the Hittites and iron weapons	First to work iron, first to enter Iron Age. controlled central Anatolia, north-western Syria down to Ugarit, and Mesopotamia down to Babylon, lasted from roughly 1680 BC to about 1180 BC. After 1180 BC, the Hittite polity disintegrated into several independent city-states, some of which survived as late as around 700 BC.
41	41. the Assyrians and cavalry warfare	indigenous people of Mesopotamia and have a history spanning over 6700 years. Started cavalry warfare?
42	42. The Persian Empire	used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians
43	43. The Hebrews and monotheism	descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber; were people who lived in the Levant, which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh.
44	44. the Phoenicians and the alphabet	enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. First form of language.
45	45. the Lydians and coinage	ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, first to mint coins.
46	46. Greek city-states	region controlled exclusively by Greek, and usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete
47	47. democracy	form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.
48	48. Persian Wars	a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.
49	49. Peloponnesian War	began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth.
50	50. Alexander the Great	United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire.
51	51. Hellenism	shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of various ethnicities, and from the political dominance of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. In this period the traditional Greek culture was changed by strong Eastern influences, especially Persian, in aspects of religion and government. Cultural centers shifted away from mainland Greece, to Pergamon, Rhodes, Antioch and Alexandria.
52	52. Homer	legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey
53	53. Socrates and Plato	Greek philosopher/student.
54	54. Aristotle	Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, government, and biology.
55	55. Western scientific thought	Systematic apporach of observation, hypothesis formation, hypothesis testing and hypothesis evaluation that forms the basis for modern science.
56	56. Roman Republic	republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus".
57	57. plebians vs. patricians	peasants/slaves vs. elite/upperclass
58	58. Punic Wars	series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage. Reason: clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence.
59	59. Julius Caesar	Roman military and political leader. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Dictator for life.
60	60. Roman Empire	Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian.
61	61. Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties	First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. First of 'centralized' China.
62	62. Shi Huangdi	king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor.
63	63. Chinese tributary system	form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty.
64	64. the Silk Road	interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel.
65	65. Nara and Heian Japan	ast division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits.
66	66. the Fujiwara clan	dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period.
67	67. Lady Murasaki and “The Tale of Genji	Written by Murasaki. First novel of japanese/world literature.
68	68. Central Asia and Mongolia	historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia
69	69. the Aryan invasion of India	Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River.
70	70. Dravidians	people of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages, the best known of which are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.
71	71. Indian caste system	system was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions.
72	72. Ashoka	of the Mauryan empire from 273 BC to 232 BC. A convert to Buddhism.
73	73. Constantinople/Byzantine Empire	Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around.
74	74. Justinian	r. 527 - 565 CE – Justinian is the Eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore the unity of the old Roman Empire. He issued the most famous compilation of Roman Law. He was unable to maintain a hold in Italy and lost the provinces of north Africa. It was the last effort to restore the Mediterranean unity.
75	75. early Medieval Europe “Dark Ages”	a period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.
76	76. feudalism	The social organization created by exchanging grants of lands r fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service.
77	77. Charlemagne	Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany (800 C.E). He helped restore some church-based education in western Europe, and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovering. After death, the empire could not survive.
78	78. Mohammed and the foundation of Islam	In 610/earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet.” (2) Pray facing the Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka’ba.
79	79. Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates	Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam.  Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.
80	80. Bantu and their migrations	To the 10th century, the wave reached the east African interior. Bantu-speaking herders in the north and farmers in the south mixed with older populations in the region. Others were moving to the African coast. Thus creating coastal trading ports.
81	81. Nubia	The Coptic (Christians of Egypt) influence spread up the Nile into Nubia (the ancient land of Kush). Muslims attempted to penetrate Nubia and met stiff resistance in the 9th century (left Christian descendants of ancient Kush – left as independent Christian kingdom until 13th century).
82	82. Ghana	Formed by 8th century by exchanging gold from the forests of west Africa for salt/dates from the Sahara or for goods from Mediterranean north Africa. Camels, were introduced tcreating better trade. By 3rd century C.E. it rose to power by taxing the salt and gold exchanged within its borders. 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam and were at its height of power. Almoravid armies invaded Ghana from north Africa (1076), the power was declining despite the kingdom’s survival. 13th century, new states rose.
83	83. Olmec	Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.
84	84. Maya	Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.
85	85. Andean societies	developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE, evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru.
86	86. Mississippian culture	The Mississippian culture was a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. The Mississippian (archaeological) Stage is usually considered to come to a close with the arrival of European contact, although the Mississippian way of life continued among their descendants. There are many regional variants of the Mississippian way of life, which are treated together in this article.
87	87. Anasazi	Ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States.
88	88. cultural diffusion versus independent innovation	spread through cultures vs. independent inventing
89	89. aristocracy	system of government with "rule by the best"
90	90. parliamentary bodies	Senate and ……[peasant voting body]
91	91. oligarchy	Political regime where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence).
92	92. republics/democracies	Republic -  state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. Democracy - form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.
93	93. theocracy	form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role.
94	94. slavery vs. serfdom	were not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked. Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.
95	95. war	state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians.
96	96. trade routes	sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo.
97	97. Polynesian migrations	most likely began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands.Polynesians migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north.
98	98. Eurasia’s great age of migrations	Increase in migrations from Eurasia.
99	99. polytheism	belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities.
100	100. Zoroastrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. Worship of Wisdom
101	101. the Ten Commandments	list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was spoken by the god YHWH to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets.
102	102. the Torah	refers to the first section of the Tanakh–the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law.
103	103. the Talmud	of a series of disputations that took place in Europe during the Middle Ages, a group of rabbis were called upon to defend the Talmud. The attacks against Judaism was based on a long held idea that rabbis had "distorted" the Bible through their interpretations, keeping Jews from "adopting" Christianity.
104	104. YHWH	"Yahweh", God's name.
105	105. Abraham	the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham"
106	106. Moses and the Exodus from Egypt – Passover	Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.
107	107. David and Solomon	David - Greatest king of jews. Solomon - wisest king on earth; fell to evilness, turned away from his God.
108	108. Jewish Diaspora	to the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. The notion of diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun with the Babylonian Captivity in 597 BCE.
109	109. Vedism (Rig-Veda)	of hymns counted among the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas, and contains the oldest texts preserved in any Indo-Iranian language.
110	110. Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)	encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion.
111	111. samsara, karma, dharma	Samsara - transmigration of soul from one body to another, Karma - the law behind reincarnation, Dharma - cosmic ethnics
112	112. Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva	The Creator, The Preserver, The Destroyer.
113	113. Laws of Manu	work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c.200 in India. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or "laws of righteous conduct");
114	114. Buddhism	religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand.
115	115. Four Noble Truths	fundamental insight or enlightenment of Sakyamuni Buddha (the historical Buddha), which led to the formulation of the Buddhist philosophy.
116	116. Eightfold Path	way to the cessation of suffering, the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths.
117	117. Siddhartha Gautama	Buddha; founder of Buddhism.
118	118. nirvana	not a place nor a state, it is an absolute truth to be realized, and a person can do so without dying.
119	119. Theravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana Buddhism	T - Buddha is Teacher; M - Buddha is God.
120	120.  Daoism	set of philosophical teachings and religious practices rooted in a specific metaphysical understanding of the Chinese character Tao. For taoists, Tao could be described as the continuity principle behind the whole process of the constantly changing Universe.
121	121. Tao-te Chng and the I Ching	The Book of the Way and its Virtue (see chapter below on translating the title) is an ancient Chinese scripture. The work is traditionally said to have been written around 600 BCE by the famous sage called Laozi. oldest of the Chinese classic texts. It describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy which is at the heart of Chinese cultural beliefs.
122	122. Laozi	Founder/teacher of taoism.
123	123. Confucianism	an East Asian ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius.
124	124. Analects	record of speeches by Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.
125	125. K’ung Fu-tzu (Confucius)	Teacher/founder of Confucianism.
126	126. Mandate of Heaven	blessing of Heaven and that if a king ruled unwisely, Heaven would be displeased and would give the Mandate to someone else.
127	127. Judeo-Christian tradition	body of concepts and values which are thought to be held in common by Christianity and Judaism, and typically considered a fundamental basis for Western legal codes and moral values.
128	128. Jesus of Nazareth	Son of God.
129	129. the Bible (Old and New Testament)	Holy text of Christianity.
130	130. Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter)	Died on Good Friday, resurrected on Easter Sunday.
131	131. Peter and Paul	Main disciples of Jesus; carried on teaching after death.
132	132. Constantine and the Edict of Milan	Outlawed/killed people practising christianity.
133	133.  Saint Augustine	saint and the pre-eminent Doctor of the Church according to Roman Catholicism, and is considered by Evangelical Protestants to be (together with the Apostle Paul) the theological fountainhead of the Reformation teaching on salvation and grace
134	134. Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054)	reflecting its claim to be the preserver of the original Christian traditions as well as those established by the church during the first 1000 years of its existence; maintain a belief that their episcopate can be traced directly back to the Apostles
135	135. Islam (the Qur’ran)	"the submission to God" is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the world's second largest religion.
136	136. Allah	God's name in Islam.
137	137. Mohammed	Last prophet of God.
138	138. Mecca	The city is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go
139	139. the Kaaba	building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). The mosque has been built around the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam.
140	140. Medina (the Hegira)	Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca. Its importance as a religious site derives from the presence there of the Shrine of the Prophet Mohammad by Masjid al-Nabawi or the Mosque of the Prophet
141	141. Sunni versus Shiite	Sunnis believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect, the Shia, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom.
142	142.  Sufism	school of esoteric philosophy in Islam, which is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. In modern language it might also be referred to as Islamic spirituality or Islamic mysticism.
143	1. Abbasid	(750 C.E.) The Sunni dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads as caliphs
144	2. Abu Bakr	(632-634 C.E.) The first caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends
145	3. Ali	The 4th caliph; the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman
146	4. Axum	Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity
147	5. Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphone
148	6. Battle of Tours	(October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain
149	7. Benin	A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century
150	8. Bourbons	(18th century) A dynasty in Spain which launced a seiries of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy; influenced Charless III
151	9. Burghers	Dutch equivalence of bourgeoisie; the middle class
152	10. Byzantine Empire	Eastern Half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; capital at Constantinople
153	11. Caliphate	Political and religious successors to Muhammad
154	12. Carolingian Dynasty	(8-10th century) Royal house of franks that succeeded the Merovingian dynasty; most prominent member was Charlemagne
155	13. Caste	Social status or position conferred by a system based on class in India
156	14. Charlemagne	Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany
157	15. Charles Martel	Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.)
158	16. Chichen Itza	Originally a Mayan city; conquered by the Toltecs (1000 C.E)
159	17. Code of Bushido	(Formulated 14th century) Way of the Warrior for Japanese samurais; defined service and conduct appropriate to their status
160	18. Code of chivalry	Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'
161	19. Crusades	series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jersalem and establishing Christian kingdoms)
162	20. Czar	male monarch/emperor of Russia
163	21. Daimyo	warlord rulers of 300 small kingdoms following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate
164	22. Dome of the Rock	Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven
165	23. Dynasty	a family/group that maintains power for several generations
166	24. Eleanor of Aquitaine	Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; married Henry II that marriage was annulled and became Queen of England during 1152-1204
167	25. Emperor Xuanzong	(reigned 713-755) Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty; encouraged overexpansion
168	26. Ferdinand	marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World
169	27. Feudalism	system where lords provided protection/aid to serfs in return for labor
170	28. Five Pillars of Islam	obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, zakat (tax for charity), and the hajj (pilgrimage)
171	29. Franks	a group of Germanic tribes in the early Christian era; spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire
172	30. Genghis Khan	(1170s – 1227) from 1206 khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions
173	31. Golden Horde	one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan’s death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia
174	32. Hagia Sophia	large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian
175	33. Hanseatic League	organization of cities in N. Germany/Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
176	34. Heresies	any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position; beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion
177	35. Holy Roman Empire	a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least, loosely organized/modeled on it)
178	36. Hordes	nomadic Mongol tribes
179	37. Hundred Years’ War	(1337 – 1453) conflict between England and France –fought over lands England possessed in France (issue of feudal rights vs. emerging claims of national states)
180	38. Incan	Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures. Term also used for leader of empire
181	39. Inquisition	An investigation; A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy
182	40. Interregnum	The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor
183	41. Islam	Major world religion originating in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; literally meaning submission; based o prophecy of Muhammad
184	42. Ivan the Terrible	Ivan IV, confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars(aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture
185	43. Joan of Arc	A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake. Joan of Arc is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
186	44. Justinian	Eastern Roman emperor 527-565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law
187	45. Justinian Code	Compilation of Roman law
188	46. King Clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity C. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom
189	47. King Hugh Capet	king of France (987–96), first of the Capetians; son of Hugh the Great; he gave away much of his land to secure the dynasty. He spent much of his reign fighting Charles and later became involved in a controversy with the papacy—unsettled at his death—over deposition of the Carolingian archbishop of Reims
190	48. Kublai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271
191	49. Kush	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile C 100 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries
192	50. Machu Picchu	An ancient Inca fortress city in the Andes northwest of Cuzco, Peru
193	51. Magna Carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
194	52. Magyars	A Hungarian ethnic group
195	53. Mali	Country of western Africa; During the Middle Ages, Mali formed a huge territorial empire, noted as a center of Islamic study and as a trade route for gold. Its center was Timbuktu
196	54. Manors	The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe
197	55. Mansa Musa	African King who made pilgrimage to Mecca, and gave out so much gold, that worth of gold dropped rapidly
198	56. Marco Polo	A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan
199	57. Mayan	People occupying the Eastern third of Mesoamerica, particularly the Yucatan Peninsula
200	58. Mecca	Religious Center of Islam, where Muslims pray towards, controlled by Umayyad
201	59. Medina	Great trading center where Muhammad fed to and solved their civil war
202	60. Mesoamerica	Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus
203	61. Middle Ages	The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three 'ages': the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times
204	62. Ming	Succeeded Mongol Yuan in 1360 lasted till 1644, characterized by great trade expeditions that were withdrawn
205	63. Mohammed	The prophet of Islam: born in 570 in clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca
206	64. Mongol	Central asian nomadic people; spread all over asia and Europe spreading their empire while pillaging
207	65. Muslims	People who believe and follow the Islamic religion
208	66. Oral literature	Oral literature corresponds in the sphere of the spoken (oral) word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word
209	67. Orthodox Christianity	Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions which descend from the Roman Catholic Church
210	68. Otto the Great	King of the Germans and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor
211	69. Peasant	Agricultural worker that works land they own or rented
212	70. Pepin	Mayor of the Palace of the whole Frankish kingdom (both Austrasia and Neustria), and later King of the Franks; born 714; died at St. Denis, 24 September, 768. He was the son of Charles Martel
213	71. Pope	Pope in Rome had top authority, while regional churches had bishops
214	72. Pope Innocent III	Supported Otto, believing Otto will give church back power but Otto betrayed and seized church’s land and distributed among vassals
215	73. Primogeniture	an exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the eldest son
216	74. Prince Shotoku	Important Japanese regent and scholar of the Asuka period… promoted Buddhism and Confucianism, reinstituted embassies to China, and adopted the Chinese calendar and court ranks
217	75. Queen Isabella	queen of Castile (1474–1504) and of Aragon (1479–1504), ruling the two kingdoms jointly from 1479 with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile). Their rule effected the permanent union of Spain and the beginning of an overseas empire in the New World, led by Christopher Columbus
218	76. quipu	system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system…could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records
219	77. Qur’an	the holy book of Islam… recitations of revelations received by Muhammad
220	78. Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach… based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems
221	79. Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages
222	80. Shogun	military leaders of the bakufu
223	81. Shogunate (bakufu)	military government in 12th century Japan… established by the Minamoto after the Gempei Wars… retained emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai
224	82. Song	Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes
225	84. Spanish Inquisition	In the Middle Ages, a judicial procedure that was used to combat heresy… in Spain, authorized by Sixtus IV in 1478; the pope later tried to limit its powers but was opposed by the Spanish crown…the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada was responsible for burning about 2,000 heretics at the stake
226	85. St. Cyril	a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans… converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity…responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic
227	86. Sufis	mystics within Islam… responsible for expansion of Islam in southeastern Asia
228	87. Sunni/Shia	political and theological division within Islam… followers of the Umayyads
229	88. T’ang	Chinese emperor who overthrew the Hsia dynasty and founded the Shang dynasty
230	89. Taika Reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese- style emperor…also tried to make a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
231	90. Tang	dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E… more stable than the previous dynasty
232	91. Tatars	Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state
233	92. Temple of the Sun	Inca Religious center located at Cuzco
234	93. Tenochtitlan	center of Aztec power, founded on marshy island in Lake Texcoco
235	94. Thomas Aquinas	Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God
236	95. Tikal	A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest
237	96. Timur Lang	leader of Turkic nomads - last Mongol nomad
238	97. Timur the Lame	name given to Timur Lang
239	98. Treaty of Verdun	843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms
240	99. Umayidd	powerful Muslim family
241	100. Vassals	members of military elite who received land or benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
242	101. Viking/Norse	Scandinavian raiders
243	102. Vladimir	Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev – converted kingdom to Christianity
244	103. William the Conqueror	Invaded England, was Duke of Normandie, and created a centralized feudal system
245	104. Wu Zhao	Empress in China; supported Buddhism
246	106. provincial leaders	Regional Rulers
247	107. Sharia	Islamic Law
248	108. ulama	religious leaders - traditional leanings in Islamic Empire
249	109. jihad	is an Arabic word meaning “ striving in the way of God”, but it is often translated as “holy war”. Refer to an armed struggle fought in the defense of Islam to please Allah
250	110. Bedouins	Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region
251	111. Moors	The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb. They captured Spain in 700s, and were expelled from Spain in 1492
252	112. Sephardim	The Jews whose traditions and culture originate from the Mediteranean, including Spain and Portugal
253	113. Christian monks	clergy of Christianity, spread the religion
254	114. ideographic	A type of character representation in which characters do not represent pronunciation alone, but are also related to the component meanings of words
255	115. Cyrillic alphabet	an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages
256	116. Hagia Sofia	It is a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church by Justinian, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century
257	117. woodblock printing	It is a technique for printing used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China sometime between the mid-6th and late 9th centuries
258	118. Arabesque	Ornament or surface decoration with intricate curves and flowing lines based on plant forms
259	119. astrolabe	an instrument that was used to determine the altitude of objects (like the sun) in the sky. It was first used around 200 BC by astronomers in Greece. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant
260	120. Arabic numerals	A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Most familiar numeral style (1,2,3, etc.,) used on clock and watch dials
261	121. mosque	A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith
262	122. minaret	A tower attached to a mosque, used for call to prayer
263	123. dome	a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere
264	124. pillars	In architecture and structural engineering, a column is that part of a structure whose purpose is to transmit through compression the weight of the structure
265	125. vernacular languages	the native language of a particular locality
266	126. polyphonic music	Music in which two or more melodies sound simultaneously
267	127. Romanesque	A style of European architecture prevalent from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, with round arches and barrel vaults influenced by Roman architecture and characterized by heavy stone construction
268	128. Avicenna	Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern medicine"
269	129. Al Razi	A Persian Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. (865-925)
270	130. Al Khwarizmi	Persian scientist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer, and author. He is often cited as "the father of algebra", which was named after a part of the title of his book, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala, along with the algorism number system
271	131. Omar Khayyam	He was famous during his lifetime as a mathematician and astronomer who calculated how to correct the Persian calendar. he objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention; nor did he believe in any Judgement Day or rewards and punishments after life. Instead he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life
272	132. Rubaiyat in Persian	Rubaiyat is a common shorthand name for the collection of Persian verses known more formally as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. In fact, rubaiyat (a plural word derived from the arabic root meaning 'four') means "quatrains" in the Persian language
273	133. Li Tai-Po	Chinese poet living in Tang Dynasty . He is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist imagery in his poetry, as well as for his great love for liquor. He is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace (the reflection of) the moon
274	134. Orthodox	The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho ('right', 'correct') and doxa ('thought', 'teaching'), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. Each is headed by a bishop; most are related to a specific country, as in Serbian, Russian and Greek Orthodox
275	135. Conservative	Person who generally likes to uphold current conditions and oppose changes; religious movement whose position lies between the Orthodox and Reform
276	136. Hadith	Traditions of the prophet Mohammad that played a critical role in Islamic law and rituals; recorded by women
277	137. Legalism	In Christian theology, legalism is belief, stated or supposedly implied, that law, not faith, is the pre-eminent principle of redemption
278	138. Shinto	Religion of early Japanese culture; devotes worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayer made to gods and nature spirits
279	139. Tao Te Ching	The Way of Changes, a Chinese classic written by Lao Tzu around the 3rd century BC It is the fundamental text of Taoism
280	140. Thousand and One Nights	Arabian Nights' Entertainment: a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century
281	141. Great Schism	Divide of the Christian church whereby for a time there were two popes
282	142. Patriarch	a man who rules a family, clan or tribe
283	143. Greek Orthodox Church	The state church of Greece, an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church
284	144. Roman Catholic Church	The Christian church characterized by an episcopal hierarchy with the pope as its head and belief in seven sacraments and the authority of tradition
285	145. Swahili	A Bantu language of the coast and islands of eastern Africa from Somalia to Mozambique
286	146. Sofala	Southern port with gold produced in the interior, controlled by Kilwa
287	147. Kilwa	Town on W African coast, wealthy & beautiful town , access to gold (Sofala) and most southern ship stop
288	148. monsoons	winds from the southwest or south that brings heavy rainfall to southern Asia in the summer - method by which Arab merchants travelled
289	149. Silk Road	number of trade routes from East Asia to Eastern Europe, one of the trade commodities was silk
290	150. mawali	non-arab converts to Islam
291	151. Mali Empire	model of Islamicized (reinforced kingship) Sudanic kingdoms, Malinke merchants traded throughout W Africa
292	152. Songhay Empire	successor to Mali empire, fusion of Islam, pagan, took over Niger valley, dominant in area until Muslims with muskets
293	153. hajj	Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
294	154. scholar gentry	elite, educated bureaucrats who ran the centralized gov’t pf China
295	155. Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities
296	156. Mansa Musa	African prince from Mali who gave out so much gold during a pilgrimage it devalued
297	157. Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities
298	158. calligraphy	writing art form
299	159. monochrome	Either black or white
300	160. footbinding as metaphor	The societal restrictions imposed upon women as families became wealthier, women status lowered
301	161. interregnum	The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor
302	162. shogun	Japanese lord who wielded most power while the emperor was controlled
303	163. puppet emperor	Emperor with no real power. In Japan, the shogun (who acted in the name of the emperor) had all the major power
304	164. Taika reforms	Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor
305	165. uji	An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (for example, the Fujiwara, the Taira)
306	166. warlordism	A military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it
307	167. imperial bureaucracy	system to run centralized gov’t, comprised of educated scholar-gentry
308	168. Muhammad	Prophet who spread the Islamic religion. Born in 570, received revelations from Allah in 610, before passing away in 630
309	169. caliph	Political, religious and militaristic leader of Islam
310	170. Ali	The fourth caliph or successor of Muhammad. He was also the Prophet's cousin. He is revered by Shi'a Muslims as the rightful first caliph
311	171. Yuan dynasty	1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China
312	172. junk	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders. Played major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
313	173. compass	Device used to determine geographic direction
314	174. abacus	A calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods
315	175. movable type	invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century
316	176. landscape painting	Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interest in nature’s beauty
317	177. currency-based economy	Unified monetary and banking systems are present in the economy
318	178. new strains of rice	new strains of rice - led to population growth in Asia
319	179. Prince Shotoku	Prince of Japan. When young, received Buddhist influences from relatives that were affected by Paekche and Kokuryo Buddhisms. Established an official rank system (based on Chinese and Korean official rank system) and a constitution (stressed the acceptable behaviors of the people) and spread Buddhism around Japan
320	180. Yamato clan	Gained control of the nation over other rival clans around 400 CE. Established an imperial court similar to that of China in 700 CE
321	181. compatibility of Chinese values	Both Confucianism and Daoism co-existed and were patronized side by side, C providing guidelines, and D satifying spiritual need
322	182. sedentary agriculture	Where farming occurs in one place, repeatedly, opposed to shifting cultivation
323	183. shifting cultivation	When farming occurs over several patches of land, rotatingly so that nutrients of the soil will not be depleted
324	184. pastoral nomadism	Herding animals while moving from place to place
325	185. foraging	Gathering food, usually nuts, berries, roots, etc
326	186. feudalism	Relationship between lord and serfs where protection is exchanged for crops/labor
327	187. manorialism	Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord’s own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land
328	188. fiefs	Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms
329	189. vassals	Subordinate who, in exchange for land, gives loyalty
330	190. reciprocal relationship	System where both parties benefit - such as feudalism in Europe - protection for labor
331	191. samurai	Japanese feudal military leaders, rough equivalent of Western knights
332	192. nation-states	Autonomous state with people sharing a common culture/history/language
333	193. absolute despotism	Where the ruler has complete authority/power
334	194. William the Conqueror	Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and conquered it
335	195. jury system	Judgment whereby there is a trial and people witnessing the trial deciding the guilt/innocence of a person
336	196. King John	Younger brother of King Richard, & bad king of England basically
337	197. Magna Carta	Nobles fed up with King John made him sign Great Charter (Magna Carta) that made sure king got approval of aristocracy before imposing taxes, etc, limited king’s power
338	198. Parliament	Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body
339	199. power of the purse	the power to raise and spend money
340	200. Hugh Capets	After the death of Louis, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet, requested the crown of France from the archbishop of Reims and the upper nobility
341	201. Sundiata	“Lion prince”; member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died in 1260
342	202. Timbuktu	Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River
343	203. Louis IX	Louis IX or Saint Louis,1214–70, king of France (1226–70), son and successor of Louis VIII
344	204. centralized monarchy	a monarchy whose rule included concentrated far-reaching power
345	205. Renaissance	Cultural and political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy 1400 CE, rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; combined art and literature with more secular views
346	206. Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world
347	207. Plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal abstract form of government abstract principles
348	208. Cicero	Conservative Roman senator; stoic philosopher; one of the greatest orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar
349	209. humanism	focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular to the study of ancient languages
350	210. scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophy approach; base in the schools and universities; use of logic to resolve theological problems
351	211. Byzantine Empire	Easter half of the Roman Empire following collapse of western half of the old empire; retained Mediterranean culture; capital at Constantinople
352	212. iconoclastic controversy	religious controversy with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons
353	213. clergy	Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion
354	214. Avignon	In France, Avignon's architecture is marked by papal history. Where the Palace of the Popes was built in the 14th century
355	215. Reformation	religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs
356	216. Counter-reformation	The Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism
357	217. Charlemagne	king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)
358	218. Eleanor of Aquitaine	queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204)
359	219. Humanists